Mangroves Forests of the Tide

Mangroves exist on the edge. With one foot on land and something in the sea, these organic amphibians occupy a zone associated with desiccating heat, choking mud, and salt levels that could kill an ordinary plant inside hours. Yet the forests mangroves form are one of the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Birds roost in the canopy, shellfish attach themselves towards the roots, and snakes and crocodiles arrived at hunt. Mangroves provide nursery reasons for fish; a food supply for monkeys, deer, tree-climbing crabs, actually kangaroos; and a nectar supply for bats and honeybees.

Like a group, mangroves can't be described too closely. There are a few 70 species from two number of families—among them palm, hibiscus, holly, plumbago, acanthus, dried beans, and myrtle. They range through prostrate shrubs to 200-foot-high (sixty meters) timber trees. Although most prolific in Southeast Asian countries, where they are thought to possess originated, mangroves circle the planet. Most live within 30 examples of the Equator, but a couple of hardy types have adapted in order to temperate climates, and one lives as not even close to the tropical sun as Brand new Zealand. Wherever they live, they share something in common: They're brilliant adapters. Each mangrove comes with an ultrafiltration system to keep high of the salt out and a complex root system which allows it to survive in the actual intertidal zone. Some have snorkel-like roots called pneumatophores that stick from the mud to help them consume air; others use prop roots or buttresses to maintain their trunks upright in the actual soft sediments at tide's advantage.

These plants are also landbuilders par quality. Some Aborigines in northern Sydney believe one mangrove species looks like their primal ancestor, Giyapara, who walked over the mudflats and brought the sapling into existence. The plants' interlocking origins stop riverborne sediments from coursing away to sea, and their trunks and branches serve like a palisade that diminishes the erosive energy of waves.

5 Types Forests in Indonesia

Flora in Indonesia is not the same as any other country. So also the flora in one of the areas in Indonesia, certainly not the same as other areas. Flora in Indonesia is very varied and always green throughout the year. This is our pride as a nation, Indonesia has abundant biological wealth: D. Many of the flora of Indonesia joined in a forest. Here are 5 types of forests in Indonesia.

a. Mangrove Forest

Mangroves grow on sloping beaches and exposed tidal mud. Mangroves are very important because it was home to various species of fish and shrimp. Mangroves also protect the mainland from the effects of abrasion and can be a reservoir flood of rural land. Mangroves can be found in the Coast of Papua, eastern Sumatra, and along the coast of Borneo.

b. Swamp Forest

Swamp forest covers swamp areas with different types of plants such as beluntas, pandanus, and ketapang. These forest types are numerous in the east coast of Sumatra, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan.

c. Sabana

Savanna is grassland interspersed with trees and numerous shrubs. Savannas are generally encountered in East Nusa Tenggara.

d. Forest Season

Forest Forest is named after the season because they have different conditions on wet and dry seasons are quite striking. Plants in monsoon forest kewarau season will usually molt and in the wet season rains will grow back. Plants that experienced these events include oak and kapok trees. These forests are usually found in areas of high temperature. Forest season numerous in Central Java, East Java, to Nusa Tenggara.

e. Tropical Rain Forests

This is the most famous type of forest in Indonesia which this tropical country. Indonesia is a tropical archipelago obtain much sun, has a high rainfall, and high average temperatures. Hence, plants of various kinds can be grown easily in mainland Indonesia and tropical rain forests form. Tropical rain forests have an abundant biodiversity, and the lungs making it a major world (the world owe it to Indonesia as this) as well as the life span of various species of animals and plants.

Preserve the Forest

Environmental protection is the preservation of the components of the environment and its inherent functions and interactions that occur between these components. Environmental protection that have been made by many parties during this show a lot of success and not a few who experience barriers in achieving the objectives to be achieved in each aspect. Such efforts are more visible as a stand-alone movements in each location, and environmental aspects of the case at hand. In addition, conservation efforts that have been implemented less perceived benefits / usefulness both in the medium and long term, this happens because of a lack of awareness and knowledge and a clear and comprehensive information about the benefits of forest conservation for the other aspects of life and the environment at large.

Preserving forests means that we preserve the environment, because by saving forests we also saved all the components of life. If we know about something about the nature and potential limiting factors we can determine the best use. Ecosystems that develop new man-made, such as agricultural grasslands, deserts irrigated, storage, water storage, tropical agriculture will last for a longer period only if the balance-material and energy balance is achieved between the components of biotic and physical. Because it is important to preserve the forest.

Doing the same forest conservation by saving the ecosystem of the forest itself, ecosystems formed by living and nonliving components in a place that interact to form a unified basis. Naturally, by saving the environment means saving our forests, forests that have a multi-function will save all the components of life on this earth if we preserve. The benefits of forest conservation for the environment very much, globally forests are the lungs of the world and can reduce the heating temperature of the earth, preventing dryness during the dry and prevent floods and landslides during the rainy season.

Distribution Forest

1. Protected forest is a forest that needs to be nurtured and maintained as a forests with a vegetation cover is fixed to the interests hydrology, which regulate the water system, prevent flooding and erosion, maintain soil fertility and good durability in the forest area concerned or affected in the surrounding area;
2. Forest nature reserves are the forests that need to be maintained and nurtured diversity of plants and animals, ecosystem types, symptoms and uniqueness of nature for the benefit of germplasm and knowledge, tourism and environment;
3. Forest is a forest tour are maintained with a view to developing education, recreation and sports;
4. Forest conservation is maintained for the existence of forest species diversity of germplasm and where life and the lives of certain animals;
5. Limited production forest is a forest area to produce timber which can only be exploited on a limited basis by way of selective logging as well;
6. Production forests are lands designated as expansion requirements, development of transmigration areas such as agriculture and plantations, industries and settlements and others.

5 Ways Forest Conservation

Forest exploitation takes place continuously since the first until now without any offset by replanting, causing the forests to be destroyed. Illegal logging by humans is one of the main causes of forest destruction. Though the forest is the support sustainability of life on earth, because forests not only provide food and material production, but also producing oxygen, retaining soil, and keep a backup of water.
Efforts can be done to preserve the forest:
1) Afforestation or reforestation of deforested.
2) Prohibit deforestation arbitrarily.
3) Implement the system of selective cutting in the cutting down of trees.
4) Implement cutting-cropping system in logging activities.
5) Implement the heavy penalties for those who violate regulations on forest management.

Conservation Nature

# conservation forests

Forest exploitation takes place continuously since the first until now without any offset by replanting, causing the forests to be destroyed. Illegal logging by humans is one of the main causes of forest destruction. Though the forest is the support sustainability of life on earth, because forests not only provide food and material production, but also producing oxygen, retaining soil, and keep a backup of water.

Efforts can be done to preserve the forest:

1. Afforestation or reforestation of deforested.
2. Deforestation prohibits arbitrary.
3. Applying a selective logging system in cutting down trees.
4. Applying cutting-cropping system in logging activities.
5. Applying severe sanctions for those who violate regulations on forest management.

# Preservation of marine and coastal

Like the forests, the sea as well as a natural resource potential. Damage to marine life and beaches are caused due to human activity. Decision-sand beaches, coral in the sea, the destruction of mangrove forests, is activity human activities that threaten the sustainability of ocean and beach. The occurrence of abrasion that threaten the sustainability of the coast has caused the loss of mangrove forests around the coast which is a natural protector against the onslaught of the waves.

The effort to preserve the ocean and the beach can be done by:

1. Perform reclamation with replant mangroves in the area around the beach.
2. Prohibit taking rocks around the coast or on the seabed, because reefs are habitat for fish and marine plants.
3. Prohibit the use of explosives and other chemicals in fishing.
4. Prohibit the use of trawling to find fish.

# Preservation of flora and fauna

Life on earth is a system of interdependence between humans, animals, plants, and natural surroundings. Dissolution one chain of such systems will result in disruptions in life.

Therefore, the preservation of flora and fauna is an absolute attention for the sake of human survival. Efforts that can be done to preserve the flora and fauna include:

1. Establishing nature reserves and wildlife reserves.
2. Prohibit poaching activities.
3. Promote reforestation activities.

MANGROVE FOREST BASED CLASSIFICATION geomorphology

A brief description regarding the type of mangrove forest classification based on geomorphology is shown as follows:

1. Over wash mangrove forest

Red mangrove is the dominant species on this island that is often flooded and washed by the tide, resulting in export of organic material with a high level. The maximum tree height is about 7 m.

2. Fringe mangrove forest

Fringe mangroves are found along the canal water, drawn along the coastline whose height is more than the average high tide. The maximum altitude of mangroves is about 10 m.

3. Reverie mangrove forest

This group is the high forest is located along the tidal rivers and bays, is an area of ​​regular flushing. The three types of mangroves, namely white (Laguncularia racemosa), black (Avicennia germinans) and red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) is contained in it. The high average can reach 18-20 m.

4. Basin mangrove forest

This group is usually the type that dwarfs located in the interior marsh Because of the pressure which causes the formation of terrestrial runoff basin or canal to the beach. Red mangroves where there are no tidal flushing, but closer towards the island, white and black mangrove is more dominate. The tree can reach a height of 15 m.

5. hammock forest

Usually similar to the type (4) above, but they were found at the location slightly higher than surrounding areas. All types are high but rarely more than 5 m.

6. Scrub or dwarf forests

This type of community is typically found on the outskirts of the low. All three types are found but rarely exceed 1.5 m (4.9 ft). Nutrient is a limiting factor.

CAUSES OF DAMAGE MANGROVE FOREST ECOSYSTEM

Indonesia holds the potential of territorial and natural resources are extraordinary. NKRI strategic location is between two continents, Australia and Asia, and flanked by two oceans namely Pacific Ocean and is a potential area for traffic lane interstate. In addition, Indonesia is an archipelago (archipelago states) is a country that consists of a collection of islands, waters that are mutually concatenated (interconnecting waters) with other natural characteristics in a close affinity to form a unity. As an island nation Indonesia has about 17 505 islands scattered across Indonesia with a ratio of land area and water is 1:3.

One form of the potential of the sea that is rare is the existence of mangrove forest (mangrove), who has obtained a strategic role and function as a buffer marine life. Mangrove forest area is one of the rare, because the extent of only 2% of the earth's surface. Indonesia is the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world. This ecosystem has a role of ecological, social-economic, cultural and social-providers such as nutrients (detritus), place of spawning, larval supply, shock waves and wind, mudguard and trap sediment, absorbing waste and preventing sea water intrusion, maintaining the stability of the beach abrasion, absorption of CO2 emissions and has the function of conservation, education, as well as cultural identity.

However, an important role behind the condition of mangrove forests in Indonesia actually showed appalling conditions. Extent of damage of mangrove ecosystems of the world, including Indonesia very quickly due to the opening of the pond, mangrove deforestation, environmental pollution, reclamation and sedimentation, mining, natural causes such as hurricanes / tsunamis, and others. Destruction of mangrove forests in Indonesia reached 70% of the total potential of existing mangrove area of ​​9.36 million hectares. Approximately 48% or covering 4.51 million hectares were damaged and 23% or 2.15 million hectares in damaged condition. Based on existing data resources potential area of ​​9.36 million hectares of mangroves, the 3.7 million hectares are in forest areas, while 5.66 million hectares outside the forest area.

Based on the description above is casuistic authors want to express an idea of ​​the existence of mangrove forests .. Expressed as wealth complexion environment has undergone a shift in the role and function of mangrove area due to the economic motives of coastal communities around the area. Forms of Mangrove Forest Ecosystem destruction by people who happen is typically done for the purpose, among others:

1. Aquaculture. Conversion of mangrove ecosystems into pond is a major factor causing the loss of mangrove forests of the world. Ponds are a common sight, both milkfish and shrimp ponds and salt ponds.
2. Illegal Mangrove Vegetation. Land clearing for farms through unsustainable logging is a major cause of mangrove destruction.
3. Environmental Pollution. Pollution that occurs both at sea and on land can reach mangrove areas, since this habitat is ekoton between sea and land. Pollutants such as oil, garbage and industrial waste can cover the mangrove roots, thereby reducing the ability of mangrove plant respiration and osmoregulation, and eventually cause death. Apex coastal pollutants commonly found in mangrove areas is domestic waste, such as plastic sheets, plastic bags, the remains of rope nets, bottles, and cans.
4. Reclamation and Sedimentation. Reclamation for the benefit of industry as well as sedimentation in a vast scale can damage the roots of the mangrove ecosystem due to the closing of breath and changes in swamp area to the mainland.

MAINTENANCE AND PRESERVATION EFFORTS OF MANGROVE FOREST ECOSYSTEM

See the importance of mangrove ecosystem for human life in maintaining the balance needed awareness mangrove ecosystem sustainability. That requires an effective strategy in the framework of development planning and management of mangrove forest ecosystems. This is already a consequence of the responsibility of government and society to preserve the potential of marine wealth. Birth of a centralized policy is considered to have produced a reactive paradigm of development is to realize the spirit of participatory society in the era of regional autonomy. Regional autonomy is the ability to provide public space for the emergence of broad public participation in it, not just passively where participation is determined by the power structure on it is also actively where people understand fully for its needs, then select, formulate and seek to be achieved . The conservation strategy is offered that is by using the "6R". Below is the planning stage or development conservation mangrove ecosystem consists of:

Restoration, intended as an effort to restructure the mangrove area at the same time greening activity. to do the restoration needs to pay attention to understanding hydrological patterns, changes in ocean currents, soil types, and species selection

Reorientation, intended as a paradigm of sustainable development planning as well as environmentally sound. So that tends to undermine economic motives will be able to be minimized

Responsivity, intended as an effort of the government that is sensitive and responsive to the problems of damage to mangrove ecosystems. This can be done through awareness movement early education, and advocacy and interdisciplinary research in various scientific

Rehabilitation, rehabilitation movement was intended as an attempt to restore the role of mangrove ecosystems as a buffer of marine life. One of the concrete form of rehabilitation is to make the area of ​​mangroves as a conservation area based on education (research) and ecotourism

Responsibility, is intended as a joint effort to raise awareness and increase community participation. Optimize the concrete manifestation of Mangrove Farmers Group. 

Regulation, District Apex has a Regulation No. 8 of 2007 concerning the management of coastal, marine and small islands in the District of Apex. However, the implementation of the law does not run effectively is still a lot of shooting and destruction of coral reefs mangrove area designated for residential development. Therefore, within the framework of policy making should consider the effectiveness of the legal enforceability of such substance, culture, and apparatus.

Based on the mangrove ecosystem conservation planning strategies which have been described are expected to foster regional development optimism that care about environmental problems and also have the potential insights that once a nautical style and characteristics of people in coastal mangrove ecosystem preservation efforts in Indonesia.

DEFINITIONS DEFINITION OF MANGROVE FOREST

Mangroves are characteristic of the plant form the beach, estuary or river estuaries and deltas in a protected area of ​​tropical and sub-tropics. Thus, a mangrove ecosystem located between land and sea and in appropriate conditions will form the mangrove forests are extensive and productive. Because lives near the beach, often also called the mangrove coastal forest, tidal forest, swamp forest, mangrove forests or . The term mangrove itself in the Indonesian language is the name of one of the constituent species of mangrove forests are Rhizophora sp. So in the arena of scientific fields to not make the bias between the mangroves and mangrove mangrove forest has been set a standard term to name the forest that has the characteristics of life in coastal areas.

In connection with the use of the term mangrove then according to FAO (1982): mangrove is the individual plant species and plant communities that grow in tidal areas. The term mangrove is a blend of two words namely Mangue and grove. In Europe, ecologists use the term to describe an individual species of mangrove and Mangal for their communities. It is also explained by Macnae (1968) which states that the word should be used for individual nmangrove tree while Mangal is a community of several plant species.

Mangrove forests are often called the mangrove forest or swamp forest. Named by mangrove forests because most of the vegetation is dominated by mangroves, and swamp forests called because of its forests grow on land that was always flooded by brackish water. Meaning of mangroves in the ecology of plants used for bush and tree that grows in the intertidal and shallow subtidal in tropical and subtropical tidal marsh. This plant is always green and consists of various mixtures of what has good economic value for the benefit of the household (house, furniture) and industry (animal feed, paper, charcoal).

Mangrove areas are characterized by typical mangrove vegetation, especially the kinds of Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Avicennia, and Acrostichum Xylocarpus (Soerianegara, 1993). It also found other types of Lumnitzera, Aegiceras, Scyphyphora and Nypa (Nybakken, 1986; Soerianegara, 1993). Mangroves have a tendency to form the density and diversity of stand structures that play an important role as sediment traps and protection against coastal erosion. Sediment and plant biomass has a strong link in maintaining the efficiency and act as a buffer between sea and land, is responsible for its capacity as an absorber of wave energy and prevent intrusion of seawater into the mainland. In addition, higher plants produce habitat for the protection of young animals and its surface is useful as a substrate adhesion and growth of many epiphytic organisms (Nybakken.1986).

In general, forest communities, including mangrove forests have a characteristic physiognomy that is named for the dominant species in an area. For example in a forest is the dominant mangrove species Rhizophora sp then the forest is called Rhizophora mangrove forest.

More broadly in defining the existence of mangrove forests should pay attention to the environment including the available resources. In connection with the matter, Saenger et al. 1983 defines the mangrove resources as:

1. Exclusive mangrove, ie one or more species of trees or shrubs that grow only in mangrove habitats

2. Non-exclusive mangrove, which is any type of plant that grows in mangrove habitat, and its existence is not confined to the mangrove habitat only

3. Biota, which is all kinds of biota associated with mangrove habitat

4. Process (abrasion, sedimentation), which is any process that plays an important role in keeping or maintaining the presence of mangrove ecosystems. Species diversity of mangrove ecosystems in Indonesia is quite high

When compared with other countries in the world, the number of mangrove species in Indonesia reached 89 which consists of 35 species of trees, 5 species terna, 9 types of shrubs, lianas 9 species, 29 species of epiphytes, and 2 types of parasites (Nontji, 1987). Of the 35 species of trees, which are common on the coast is Avicennia sp, Sonneratia sp, sp Rizophora, Bruguiera sp, sp Xylocarpus, Ceriops sp, and Excocaria sp.